9 months ago
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After a weekend in which Chris Nolan’s new film Oppenheimer opened in UK cinemas to great acclaim, it would be easy to think that nuclear weapons are now a thing of the past – but the UK/Ireland Nuclear Free Local Authorities are all too aware that today’s weapons are infinitely more powerful that the rudimentary ‘gadgets’ dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and that chillingly many remain on ‘hair-trigger alert’ ready to be fired on warning, targeted at the millions of civilians who live in our cities.
Oppenheimer charts the role of the eponymous theoretical physicist as he leads a team of brilliant scientists and engineers in the race to develop the first atomic bomb during the Second World War. The Manhattan Project was a colossal military and civilian enterprise that drew on the technological, financial, and military resources that were then only available to the United States. The scientific and engineering team that developed the bomb was though truly international, including experts exiled from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, with their developments being based around the earlier work of the British team engaged in the now nearly forgotten Tube Alloys Project.
The result of their work was demonstrated on July 16, 1945, in the Alamogordo Desert with the explosion of the second plutonium-based device in a test titled Trinity. Tragically, this successful demonstration led ultimately to the military deployment of atomic weapons against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, with the deaths and disfigurement of hundreds of thousands of mostly civilian casualties, which, with the entry of Russia into the war against Japan, prompted the surrender of Imperial Japan, but ultimately led to a deadly nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union.
Robert Oppenheimer himself had doubts about the future of humanity should more powerful devices be developed after the war. He called for international control of atomic weapons and for the United States to refrain from developing far more destructive hydrogen bombs; ultimately these actions, contrary to received wisdom in foreign policy and military doctrine, took him from being the darling of the scientific and political elite to its pariah, earning him dismissal from high office and the revocation of his security clearance.
Although the thawing of US-Soviet relations during the Reagan-Gorbachev era and the ending of the Cold War led to a significant reduction in the number of nuclear warheads held by the two superpowers, from a high of around 70,000, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reports in its latest Yearbook that there are still an estimated 12,512 warheads in January 2023, with about 9,576 in military stockpiles for potential use. Of these, an estimated 3,844 warheads are deployed on missiles and aircraft, and around 2,000—nearly all of which belong to Russia or the USA—are kept in a state of high operational alert ready to fire at short notice.
In 2023 we have nine nuclear-armed states (the USA, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel). The United States also currently stores air-dropped nuclear bombs in four European nations and in Turkey under a ‘hosting agreement’ to fit them to the nuclear-capable military aircraft of those NATO nations in the event of war, and, with ongoing war in Ukraine and the deployment of Russian nuclear weapons in Belarus, there is a real possibility that US nuclear weapons will soon again be redeployed to USAF / RAF Lakenheath taking us back to Cold War days.
Nuclear weapons are infinitely more powerful and more accurate than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan, and the consequences of their use are too dreadful to contemplate. Brilliant scientist and anti-bomb campaigner Albert Einstein famously said of the impact of any nuclear war that, in addition to the appalling human casualties and the complete destruction of our natural and built environment, human development would be so set back that any Fourth World War would be fought with sticks and stones!
Even the Trinity test itself, played out in a seemingly empty desert, had consequences – for those exposed to the radiation from this and countless further nuclear tests – the so-called Down-winders – suffered terribly from cancers and other fatal illnesses; this even impacted upon some of the leading stars of Hollywood. Literally dying for their art, ninety-two people involved with the production of the 1956 film ‘The Conqueror’ died from cancer. The film depicting the life of a Mongol warlord was shot in the Utah desert chosen as it resembled the vast plains of Mongolia. Unfortunately for the cast and crew, the desert was heavily irradiated from the numerous nuclear tests conducted in neighbouring Nevada, and amongst those who succumbed to the disease were the leading actors John Wayne and Susan Hayward.
The UK/Ireland Nuclear Free Local Authorities was created in response to the threat of nuclear war in the early 1980s. Ironically, its founding member city, Manchester, was the place where the atom was first split, making both nuclear weapons and nuclear power possible, but the City Council was also the first to declare itself a nuclear free city, rejecting any notion of nuclear war and any acceptance that cities are legitimate targets, and to campaign for universal nuclear disarmament.
The NFLAs remain a proud partner in ICAN (the International Campaign for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons), the Nobel Peace Prize winning international coalition of campaign groups, scientists, physicians and ‘Hibakusha’ (atomic bomb survivors), which succeeded in outlawing nuclear weapons for the first time in 2021 through the enactment of a UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. We also value our close links with Mayors for Peace, the organisation founded in 1982 by the Mayor of Hiroshima for civic leaders dedicated to working for a peaceful and nuclear weapon free world, with the NFLA Secretary also being the Mayors for Peace UK/Ireland Chapter Secretary.
Reflecting on Oppenheimer, NFLA Steering Committee Chair Councillor Lawrence O’Neill said: “Faced by the awful, awesome might of nuclear weapons, it is understandable for individuals, or even Councils, to feel powerless against the threat, but we can all do something to work to make our world more peaceful and nuclear free. Even Oppenheimer and many of the prominent scientists who played a part in the development of the atomic bomb, such as Albert Einstein and Joseph Rotblat, grew to revile it and to instead dedicate themselves to disarmament.
“I urge anyone watching Oppenheimer who leaves the film with a desire to fight nuclear weapons and the prospect of nuclear war to join their local peace group and become involved with the campaigns of ICAN and I urge all Councillors and Councils who wish to see a nuclear free world to join with the Nuclear Free Local Authorities and with Mayors for Peace to help make that future possible. With the Doomsday Clock now standing at just 90 seconds to midnight, the time to take action is now! As our Japanese friends say: ‘We want to see No More Hibakusha.’”
Useful websites:
The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) https://www.icanw.org/
UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/
Mayors for Peace https://www.mayorsforpeace.org/en/about-us/outline-m4p/
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament https://cnduk.org/
UK/Ireland Nuclear Free Local Authorities https://www.nuclearpolicy.info/
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For more information about the UK/Ireland NFLAs and the UK/Ireland Mayors for Peace Chapter, please contact Secretary, Richard Outram by email to richard.outram@manchester.gov.uk or telephone 07583 097793
