Identification of preschool children's physical fitness phenotypes and their association with multidimensional body shape indicators: a data-driven approach with risk prediction modeling

ObjectiveTraditional physical fitness assessments in young children often rely on single indicators, which fail to capture integrated ability patterns. The common use of body mass index (BMI) to link morphology and fitness has limited discriminant validity. This study aimed to identify naturally emerging physical fitness profiles among preschool children in Macao using a data-driven approach an...