Routine metabolic and nutrition-related composite indices for identifying adverse cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic phenotypes: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome provides an integrated framework for capturing the overlap of adiposity, metabolic dysfunction, kidney impairment, and cardiovascular risk. Whether low-cost composite biomarkers derived entirely from routine health examinations and brief questionnaires can identify adverse CKM phenotypes in preventive-care populations remains insufficient...