Signals, Vol. 4, Pages 524-538: Improving Foraminifera Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks with Ensemble Learning

Signals, Vol. 4, Pages 524-538: Improving Foraminifera Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks with Ensemble Learning

Signals doi: 10.3390/signals4030028

Authors: Loris Nanni Giovanni Faldani Sheryl Brahnam Riccardo Bravin Elia Feltrin

This paper presents a study of an automated system for identifying planktic foraminifera at the species level. The system uses a combination of deep learning methods, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to analyze digital images of foraminifera taken at different illumination angles. The dataset is composed of 1437 groups of sixteen grayscale images, one group for each foraminifera specimen, that are then converted to RGB images with various processing methods. These RGB images are fed into a set of CNNs, organized in an ensemble learning (EL) environment. The ensemble is built by training different networks using different approaches for creating the RGB images. The study finds that an ensemble of CNN models trained on different RGB images improves the system’s performance compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. The main focus of this paper is to introduce multiple colorization methods that differ from the current cutting-edge techniques; novel strategies like Gaussian or mean-based techniques are suggested. The proposed system was also found to outperform human experts in classification accuracy.